Free str software for linux

Math::Expr is a Perl module that parses mathematical expressions.

SYNOPSIS

require Math::Expr;

$p=new Math::Expr;
$e=$p->Parse("a+4*b-d/log(s)+f(d,e)");

Parses mathematical expressions into a tree structure. The expressions may contain integers, real numbers, alphanumeric variable names, alphanumeric function names and most other characters might be used as operators. The operators can even be longer than one character! The only limitation is that a variable or function name may not start on a digit, and not all chars are accepted as operations. To be exact, here is the grammatic (in perl regexp notation):

< Expr > = -?< Elem >(< OpChr >< Elem >)*
< Elem > = < Number >|< Var >|< Function >|(< Expr >)
< Number > = < Integer >|< Float >
< Integer > = d+
< Float > = d*.d+
< Var > = [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*(:[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*)?
< Function > = [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*(< Expr >(,< Expr >)*)
< OpChr > = [^a-zA-Z0-9(),.:]+

If the - sign is present at the beginning of an < Expr > it is parsed in the exact same structure as 0< Expr >. That is to allow constructions like "-a*b" or "b+3*(-7)".

A variable consists of two parts separated by a :-char. The first part is the variable name, and the second optional part is its type. Default type is Real.

METHODS

$p = new Math::Expr

This is the constructor, it creates an object which later can be used to parse the strings.

$e=$p->Parse($str)

This will parse the string $str and return an expression tree, in the form of a Math::Expr::Opp object (or in simple cases only a Math::Expr::Var or Math::Expr::Num object).

$p->Priority({^=>50, /=>40, *=>30, -=>20, +=>10})

This will set the priority of ALL the operands (there is currently no way to change only one of them). The priority decides what should be constructed if several operands is listed without delimiters. Eg if a+b*c should be treated as (a+b)*c or a+(b*c). (Default is listed in header).

$p->SetOppDB($db)

Sets the OpperationDB to be used to $db. See Math::Expr::OpperationDB for more info. This will be passed down to all objects returned by the parser aswell.

Text::Roman is a Perl module that converts roman algarism in integer numbers and the contrary, recognize algarisms.

SYNOPSIS

use Text::Roman;

print roman(123);

Text::Roman::roman() is a very simple algarism converter. It converts a single integer (in arabic algarisms) at a time to its roman correspondent. The conventional roman numbers goes from 1 up to 3999. MROMANS (milhar romans) range is 1 up to 3999*1000+3999=4002999.

Up to these number we will found symbols as:??????but they do not concern this specific package. There is no concern for mix cases, like Xv, XiiI, as legal roman algarism numbers.

roman($int): return string containing the roman corresponding to the given integer, or if the integer is out of domain...

roman2int($str): return if $str is not roman or return integer if it is.

isroman($str): verify whether the given string is a conventional roman number, if it is return 1; if it is not return 0...

Quite same follows for mroman2int($str) and ismroman($str), except that these functions treat milhar romans.

Scalar::Util is a selection of general-utility scalar subroutines.

SYNOPSIS

use Scalar::Util qw(blessed dualvar isweak readonly refaddr reftype tainted
weaken isvstring looks_like_number set_prototype);

Scalar::Util contains a selection of subroutines that people have expressed would be nice to have in the perl core, but the usage would not really be high enough to warrant the use of a keyword, and the size so small such that being individual extensions would be wasteful.

By default Scalar::Util does not export any subroutines. The subroutines defined are

blessed EXPR

If EXPR evaluates to a blessed reference the name of the package that it is blessed into is returned. Otherwise undef is returned.

$scalar = "foo";
$class = blessed $scalar; # undef

$ref = [];
$class = blessed $ref; # undef

$obj = bless [], "Foo";
$class = blessed $obj; # "Foo"

dualvar NUM, STRING

Returns a scalar that has the value NUM in a numeric context and the value STRING in a string context.

$foo = dualvar 10, "Hello";
$num = $foo + 2; # 12
$str = $foo . " world"; # Hello world

isvstring EXPR

If EXPR is a scalar which was coded as a vstring the result is true.

$vs = v49.46.48;
$fmt = isvstring($vs) ? "%vd" : "%s"; #true
printf($fmt,$vs);

isweak EXPR

If EXPR is a scalar which is a weak reference the result is true.

$ref = $foo;
$weak = isweak($ref); # false
weaken($ref);
$weak = isweak($ref); # true

NOTE: Copying a weak reference creates a normal, strong, reference.

$copy = $ref;
$weak = isweak($ref); # false

looks_like_number EXPR

Returns true if perl thinks EXPR is a number. See "looks_like_number" in perlapi.

openhandle FH

Returns FH if FH may be used as a filehandle and is open, or FH is a tied handle. Otherwise undef is returned.

$fh = openhandle(*STDIN); # *STDIN
$fh = openhandle(*STDIN); # *STDIN
$fh = openhandle(*NOTOPEN); # undef
$fh = openhandle("scalar"); # undef

readonly SCALAR

Returns true if SCALAR is readonly.

sub foo { readonly($_[0]) }

$readonly = foo($bar); # false
$readonly = foo(0); # true

refaddr EXPR

If EXPR evaluates to a reference the internal memory address of the referenced value is returned. Otherwise undef is returned.

$addr = refaddr "string"; # undef
$addr = refaddr $var; # eg 12345678
$addr = refaddr []; # eg 23456784

$obj = bless {}, "Foo";
$addr = refaddr $obj; # eg 88123488

reftype EXPR

If EXPR evaluates to a reference the type of the variable referenced is returned. Otherwise undef is returned.

$type = reftype "string"; # undef
$type = reftype $var; # SCALAR
$type = reftype []; # ARRAY

$obj = bless {}, "Foo";
$type = reftype $obj; # HASH

set_prototype CODEREF, PROTOTYPE

Sets the prototype of the given function, or deletes it if PROTOTYPE is undef. Returns the CODEREF.

set_prototype &foo, $$;

tainted EXPR

Return true if the result of EXPR is tainted

$taint = tainted("constant"); # false
$taint = tainted($ENV{PWD}); # true if running under -T

weaken REF

REF will be turned into a weak reference. This means that it will not hold a reference count on the object it references. Also when the reference count on that object reaches zero, REF will be set to undef.

This is useful for keeping copies of references , but you dont want to prevent the object being DESTROY-ed at its usual time.

{
my $var;
$ref = $var;
weaken($ref); # Make $ref a weak reference
}
# $ref is now undef

Note that if you take a copy of a scalar with a weakened reference, the copy will be a strong reference.

my $var;
my $foo = $var;
weaken($foo); # Make $foo a weak reference
my $bar = $foo; # $bar is now a strong reference

This may be less obvious in other situations, such as grep(), for instance when grepping through a list of weakened references to objects that may have been destroyed already:

@object = grep { defined } @object;

This will indeed remove all references to destroyed objects, but the remaining references to objects will be strong, causing the remaining objects to never be destroyed because there is now always a strong reference to them in the @object array.

Newsd is a standalone local NNTP news server for private newsgroup serving on a single server.
It is useful for serving private newsgroup(s) to an intranet or the Internet and can act as a simple mail gateway, however it does not interface with other news servers and cannot manage distributed news feeds, i.e. Usenet news.
Newsd is available under the terms of the GNU General Public License. The Newsd source code should compile on any POSIX-compliant operating system. Binaries are provided for Linux and MacOS X.
Enhancements:
- Important fix to multiline headers being split during header reordering
- STR#15: Path: now maintained and passed through mail gateway
- STR#16: Mailgateway: "From" field now renamed to "X-Original-From:"